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(6) Diagnostics The assembler will only print out a screenful of diagnostics (24) before it stops. When applicable, the file and line number where the error occurred are given. An attempt is made to indicate the line where the error actually occurred, rather than where its effects were first seen. Assembly is stopped at certain points if errors have been detected, since it would make no sense to go on past the given point. The following is an alphabetized listing of diagnostics classified by whether they are fatal or non-fatal. Assembly always stops after the former but will continue after the latter (until the error limit is reached). Internal errors should be reported to me, see the README file at the FTP site csd4.csd.uwm.edu in the directory /pub/8051 or /pub/micro/8051 for more information. If you get an internal error, you should display the object file using the object file display program provided with the assembler. If you want me to resolve the bugs (if any exist) I would need to see this as well. Alternatively, the source for the assembler is yours. If you want to make modifications, try your hand at it, and if something significant results let everyone know by placing it in the public domain. (a) Fatal Errors These diagnostics will cause assembly to stop immediately, they usually represent serious inconsistencies or serious points of confusion for the assembler that makes further processing impossible or pointless. Address <Decimal Number> out of range The location counter points to the indicated address, which lies outside the address space of the current segment. These address spaces are as follows: Type Low High code 0 65535 (or ffff hexadecimal) xdata 0 65535 (or ffff hexadecimal) data 0 255 (or ff hexadecimal) Attempting to write to a non-code segment. This happens if you try to use any image generating statement (db/byte, dw/word, or any opcode) in a data or xdata segment. Only code segments will accept these statements. Bad opcode initialization. This is an internal error you should never see. It indicates an internal inconsistency in the assembler's opcode tables. These tables are used to process the 8051 mnemonics. Cannot fit segment. The linker tries its best to fit all the relatively addressed segment in the tightest fitting space it can. It may fail to pack them all in, if they can only fit real tightly, or your segments may actually not fit at all. Use the object file display program that accompanies this assembler to look at your object files in some detail. Cannot open <FILE> An file was lost sometime during processing, or the file named probably does not exist, or is not readible. Cannot open object file for <FILE>. The object file for the source file indicated was somehow lost or made inaccessible between the time it was created and the time it was processed by the linker. Cannot open output file. For some unexpected reason, the assembler could not create an .hex output file. If you're running this on a UNIX, then you're probably assembling output into a directory where you have no write access. Also possible: you ran out of disk space. Cannot reopen <FILE> A failure to reopen the current file after processing an include file occurred. This indicates either an internal flaw in the assembler or that something happened to the file during assembly. Corrupt object file <NAME>. A rudimentary check are made on object files. The file indicated didn't pass that check. It's was either corrupted, or the assembler itself has an internal flaw that made it produce corrupt object files. Could not restore <FILE>'s position. A failure to resume processing the current file past the most recent include statement occurred. This indicates either an internal flaw in the assembler or that the file undergoing processing was corrupted during assembly. Could not save <FILE>'s position. A transient error occurred while setting up to include another file. This is either a serious system flaw, or an internal flaw in the assembler. Expression too complex ... aborting. If you see this, you must be Lieutenant Commander Data. An expression has to be pretty complicated before it confuses the assembler. Break it up, by symbolically defining subexpressions first. Internal error (0). An inconsistency was detected by the linker in the object file undergoing processing. A relocation item of undefined type was found. Internal error (1). An inconsistency was detected by the linker in the object file undergoing processing. An undefined expression was found. Internal error (2). A flaw in the assembler made it lose track of all the code segments, even though at least one was defined. Internal error (3). A flaw in the assembler made it think that a ds/rb, or rw statement was reserving memory outside the segment where it was defined. Internal error (4). A flaw in the assembler caused it to try and relocate two or more items to the same address. This can also be caused by a corrupt object file. Internal error (5). A flaw in the assembler caused it to have trouble resolving an expression during linking. This can also be caused by a corrupt object file. Internal error (6). A flaw in the assembler made it fail to sort the list of items to be relocated. A corrupt object file can cause this too. Internal error (7). A flaw in the assembler made it think it was trying to patch up a hole of size other than 1 or 2 bytes. This can also be caused by a corrupt object file. Internal error (8). The assembler is expecting an object file larger than what it sees. This is the result of either an internal flaw or corrupt object file. Invalid object file <NAME>. The first type bytes of all object files are 55 and aa (hexadecimal). The object file undergoing processing doesn't show this. It's was either corrupted, or the assembler itself has an internal flaw that made it produce corrupt object files. Invalid option: -<OPTION> Only -c and -o are recognized. Missing ';' after include statement. The include statement (like all other statements) needs to be followed by a semicolon, or otherwise be the last statement on the line. Missing filename in 'include' The include statement has the form: include "FILE", with the file name enclosed in double-quotes, as indicated. Out of memory. The assembler's resources exceeded the system's available space. If this happens during linking it may point to the high degree of interconnectivity between modules thereby indicating a need to make the interfaces between modules more clean-cut. If it happens during assembly it may point to a need to break the assembly-language file into smaller modules. Overlapping segments: <FILE> [<LINE>] and <FILE> [<LINE>]. The segments in the indicated places have overlapping ranges of addresses. Move one or both of them, if possible. Overlapping segments at [<LINE>] <FILE> and [<LINE>] <FILE>. This one is actually an internal error. Statement too complex If you see this, you must be Lieutenant Commander Data. An statement has to be pretty complicated with many layers of if's and else's and brackets '{' and '}' before it confuses the assembler. There is no direct recourse here other than to try and simplify your program. Too many nested include files. Up to 5 levels of nested includes are allowed. Too many segments. Up to 32 segments can be defined per file. Any occurrence of the org/at or seg statements will start a new segment. The first 5 segments are defined by and used internally by the assembler, which leaves you with 27. Undefined segment type. Only the types: code, xdata, or data can be used with the seg statement. Unexpected EOF. Attempted to read past the end of an object file. The object file is corrupt Use: <CAS> -c File... to assemble. At least one input file should be listed with the -c option. Use: <CAS> -o Output File... to link. At least one source or object file should be listed with the -o option. Use: <CAS> [-o Output] File... to link. At least one source or object file should be listed with the -o option or with no options. (b) Non-Fatal Errors These are errors the assembler will attempt to recover from and continue processing after. Address <NAME> redeclared as number: <FILE> <FILE> The symbol indicated was declared as a global number in the first indicated files and as a global address in the second. Address cannot appear in: x? x: x. Addresses cannot be used as conditions of conditionals in the combination address? x: x. Only numeric values can be used there. Address cannot be used with infix operator. The only allowable combinations of addresses involving infix operations are pretty much like in C: number + address address + number address - number In addition, the combination reg.bit can be used for bit addressible registers "reg" and values of 0 to 7 for "bit". Address cannot be used with prefix operator. Prefix operators other than + (-, !, ~, high, low) can only be used with numeric values, not addresses. Address of wrong type in reg.pos Only data or sfr addresses can be used in the place referred to ("reg"). Address type mismatch. Rudimentary type-checking is done for operations involving bit addresses, data and sfr addresses, or code addresses. Type checking is not done on xdata addresses, as there are not 8051 operations that directly involve such addresses. Addresses of different types cannot be subtracted. Addresses must be of the same type in order to be subtracted. They can be of different segments, however, as long as the segments have the same type. Attempting to make local label global. Local (numeric) labels cannot be made global. Attempting to redefine <NAME> The label indicated was used in the context LABEL:, but is already defined, Bad hexadecimal character. A hexadecimal character takes the form: \xHK or \XHK, where H and K are hexadecimal digits. Exactly two hex digits must be seen. An \x by itself without any following hexadecimal digits is interpreted as just x. Binary number has non-binary digits. A number with a binary prefix (0b, 0B) or binary suffix (b, B) can only contain the digits 0 and 1. Bit address out of range. Bit addresses range only from 0 to ff hex (0 to 255 decimal). Bit position out of range. The operation reg.pos only allows values of 0 to 7 for "pos". Byte value out of range (hex value). An immediate byte value in the range -80 (hex) to ff (hex) (or -128 to 255) is required in this context. Cannot use @A+A Only @A+DPTR, and @A+PC can be used with the 8051 language. Cannot use @A+AB. Only @A+DPTR, and @A+PC can be used with the 8051 language. Cannot use @A+C. Only @A+DPTR, and @A+PC can be used with the 8051 language. Cannot use @A+Rn Only @A+DPTR, and @A+PC can be used with the 8051 language. Cannot use @A. The only valid combinations using @ are @R0, @R1, @DPTR, @A+DPTR, and @A+PC. Cannot use @AB. The only valid combinations using @ are @R0, @R1, @DPTR, @A+DPTR, and @A+PC. Cannot use @C. The only valid combinations using @ are @R0, @R1, @DPTR, @A+DPTR, and @A+PC. Cannot use @PC. The only valid combinations using @ are @R0, @R1, @DPTR, @A+DPTR, and @A+PC. Cannot use PC as a register. PC only appears in the combination @A+PC in the statement movc A, @A+PC. Code address out of range. Code addresses can only range from 0 to ffff hex (or 0 to 65535 decimal). Data address out of range. Only direct data register addresses (0 to 7f hex, or 0 to 127), or special function register addresses can be used here. Decimal number has non-decimal digits. The number indicated has hexadecimal digits (a through f, or A through F) but no hexadecimal prefix (0x, 0X, 0h, 0H) or suffix (h, H, x, X). Division by 0. x / 0 is not defined. Empty character constant. A single quote cannot be quoted as a character ('''). Use '\'' instead. Alternatively, you attempted to define an empty string ("") with single quotes. Expected an argument/prefix operator. The expression indicated is probably missing a prefix operator, a symbol or constant, or an opening parenthesis '('. Expected segment type. The statement: seg Type, must have Type code, xdata, or data. Expected symbol after 'global' Only symbols can be declared as global. Expected symbol in 'extern' Only symbols can be declared as external. Expected type or 'equ' after 'extern'. External symbols must be declared as a type (sfr, bit, code, data, xdata) or as a numeric constant (equ). The valid forms are: extern (sfr, bit, code, data, xdata, or equ) Symbol, ..., Symbol Expression type does not match. The expression occurring on the right hand side of the statement of the form: Symbol Type Value, does not have the indicated type. Extra ','. An extra command was inserted after the last operand. Alternatively, the operand following the last comma is missing. Illegal combination: address + address Only numeric values can be added to or subtracted from addresses. The rules for address arithmetic are basically like those in C. Illegal combination: number - address Numbers can only be subtracted from addresses, not the other way around. The rules for address arithmetic are basically like those in C. Illegal combination: reg.bit Only numeric values in the range 0 to 7 can be used in place of "bit", not addresses. Indirect registers are not bit addressible. The register referred to ("reg") must be a data address in the range 20-2f. The address referred to lies above 80 (hex). It is possible you may have meant to use a Special Function Register here, not a data address. Invalid addressing mode: <MNEMONIC> This mnemonic is not defined for this combination of operands. Missing '(' in 'if (...)'. The if statement must have the form: if (x) ..., as it does in C. Missing ')' An unmatched closing parenthesis, ')', or possibly an extra opening parenthesis, '(', occurred. Missing ')' in 'if (...)'. The if statement must have the form: if (x) ..., as it does in C. Missing ':' The conditional indicated is missing a colon. Conditional expressions have the form x? x: x. Missing ';' Semi-colons must be used between two or more statements on the same line. You may have mistyped a colon (:) insteady. Missing '}'. An opening bracket '{' was never closed off with a ')'. Missing DPTR or PC after @A+ Only @A+DPTR, and @A+PC can be used with the 8051 language. Missing a ' in character constant. No more than one item can be enclosed between single quotes (e.g. 'ab', or 'a\n', though '\n' is okay.) You may have meant to define a string here. Use double quotes. Modulo by 0 x 684s not defined. Number <NAME> redeclared as address: <FILE> <FILE> The symbol indicated was declared as a global address in the first indicated files and as a global number in the second. Octal number has non-octal digits. A number with an octal prefix (0, other than those with an appropriate suffix), or an octal suffix (o, O, q, Q) can only contain the digits 0 through 7. Only code, xdata, or data segments allowed. The types sfr and bit cannot be used with segments. Paged address out of range. Paged jump or call instructions (ajmp, acall) must have destinations that lie on the same code page (every 800 hex bytes, starting at 0 is a code page). This only happens when your program gets beyond a certain size, or when it is located at an odd address (such as 7ff hex). Generally, it's a good idea to start your programs on even multiples of 800 hex. Stand-alone programs have to start at the reset address (0) anyway. Redeclaring address <NAME> as number. A symbol already defined as an address is being declared as an external numeric value. Redeclaring local symbol <NAME> as external. A symbol already defined as a local symbol is being defined as external. This may also be a name clash between a local and global symbol. Redeclaring number <NAME> as address. A symbol already defined as a number is being declared as an external address. Register address out of range. Only directly addressible data registers (0 to 7f hex, or 0 to 127) can be used here. This error may have inadvertently been created by the assembler if you defined relatively addresses data registers, and the assembler tried to map them beyond 80 hex. See the Bugs section of the document. Register in @Rn out of range. Only registers R0 or R1 can be used as register pointers. Register in reg.bit not bit addressible. The register referred to ("reg") must be a data address in the range 20-2f (hexadecimal, 32-47 decimal), or must be one of the Special Function Registers whose address is evenly divisible by 8 (in hexadecimal: 80, 88, 90, ..., f0, f8). Register must appear after @. Numeric or address expressions cannot appear after @. Relative address cannot be used here Only absolute addresses, or numeric values containing objects that have been previously defined (in terms of other such absolute objects) can appear in the conditional (if (E) ...), or in address setting/modifying statements (org/at, ds/rb, rw). Relative address out of range. Some jump instruction (cjne, djnz, sjmp, jz, jnz, jc, jnc, jbc, jb, jnb) require their destinations to be within a certain range (-80 hex to +7f hex) of the first byte following the jump instruction. Generally, you should not use these operations to jump across segment boundaries when one or more of the segments is relatively addressed. SFR address out of range. Special function register addresses can only have values in the range (80 to ff hex, or 128 to 255 decimal). Symbol <NAME> already declared as external number. The symbol indicated was declared as an external numeric constant but was defined as an address. Symbol <NAME> already declared as external. The symbol indicated was already declared as an external/global, and so cannot be defined as a variable, or local constant. If you had intended to define it as a global constant, precede the definition with the word 'global' or 'public'. Symbol <NAME> already declared as number. The symbol indicated was used in the context LABEL:, but is already declared as a numeric constant. Symbol <NAME> already defined as constant. Constant symbols cannot be redefined as variables. Symbol <NAME> already defined. Constant symbols can only be defined once. Symbol <NAME> cannot be equated to relative address. The symbol indicated was declared as an external numeric constant. It can only be set to an absolute address or numeric value. Symbol <NAME> cannot be set to relative address. Variables can only be set to absolute addresses, or numbers. Symbol <NAME> redefined: <FILE> <FILE>. The symbol indicated was defined as a global in both of the files listed. It can only be defined as a global once. Symbol <NAME>'s type does not match. The symbol indicated was declared as an external of one type and defined as a global of a different type. Syntax error This statement so totally eluded the assembler's ability to process it, that it didn't even know what you intended. This can also occur if it gets set off-track as a result of previous errors. Too many arguments specified. More operands were supplied than is accepted by this mnemonic. Too many gaps. Each time you issue a statement to the assembler to reserve space (ds/rb, rw) the assembler internally creates a gap for it. No more than 256 such statements can occur per file. You should probably break this file into smaller modules. Type mismatch <NAME>: <FILE> <FILE> The symbol indicated was declared as a global with different types in the files indicated. Type mismatch: <NAME>. A symbol already defined as an address of one type is being declared as an address of another type. Undefined expression The expression indicated must be defined either as an absolute or relative address, or number in this statemen. This occurs in any statement where a new label is being defined. Undefined label <DIGIT> A numeric label was used in a forward reference (e.g. 1f, 2f, 3f, ...), but was not defined anywhere in the current segment. Numeric labels can not be referenced across segments. Undefined local symbol <DIGIT>b A backward reference was made to a numeric label (e.g. 1b, 2b, 3b, ...) that was not previously defined in the current segment. References to numeric labels cannot be made across segments. Undefined symbol: <NAME> If a line number and file are indicated, then either the symbol is being used on the right hand side of a label definition (in which case, its value must be an already known absolute address, or number), you may be using a mnemonic not known to the assembler, may have misspelled one that is known, or you may have tried to write a label-defining statement but made an error somewhere. If no line and file numer are indicated, the symbol indicated was used in the file without ever being defined. It needs to be declared as an external (if it is defined in another file) or needs to be defined before it is used. Unexpected EOF inside // comment. A // comment occurred at the end of the current file, and no end of line marker was seen. This indicates your source file is not in text mode. Unexpected EOF inside ;; comment. A ;; comment occurred at the end of the current file, and no end of line marker was seen. This indicates your source file is not in text mode. Unexpected EOF inside comment. A /* comment was seen, but was never closed with a */. Unexpected EOF inside string. A double quote was seen without a matching pair anywhere. Unresolved external: <NAME>. A symbol was declared as an external but wasn't defined anywhere. If it's a register or bit address defined for one of the 8051 extensions (8052, or 8051fa), you will have to use one of the include files provided (8052.h or 8051fa.h), or make your own. Variables cannot be made global. The keyword 'global' cannot be used with the statements Var = Val, or Var set Val. Variables can only be defined as local symbols. Word value out of range. An immediate word value (range -8000 to ffff hex, or -32768 to 65535 decimal) is required here.